UNiTED NATiONS (1945)

Fifty nations met in San Francisco in 1945 and formed the United Nations to protect and promote peace.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

There are currently 193 member states, including every internationally recognised sovereign state in the world but the Vatican City. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007.

World War II had raged from 1939 to 1945, and as the end drew near, cities throughout Europe and Asia lay in smoldering ruins. Millions of people were dead, millions more were homeless or starving. Russian forces were closing in on the remnants of German resistance in Germany’s bombed-out capital of Berlin. In the Pacific, US Marines were still battling entrenched Japanese forces on such islands as Okinawa.

In April 1945, delegates from fifty countries met in San Francisco full of optimism and hope. The goal of the United Nations Conference on International Organization was to fashion an international body to promote peace and prevent future wars. The ideals of the organization were stated in the preamble to its proposed charter: “We the peoples of the United Nations are determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.”

The Charter of the new United Nations organization went into effect on October 24, 1945, a date that is celebrated each year as United Nations Day.

♥djanine :]

BATANG KALABAW by : Jay Taruc

In the mountains of Agusan del Sur, entire communities make a living off illegal logging. The adults cut down trees while some of their children carry the logs down the mountainside.
Some as young as six years old do this back-breaking work, trekking up to four hours a day to bring logs down to the valley, where eager buyers await.
Jay Taruc documents these children as they carry logs even in the rain. Jay takes a fall along with them down the mountainside during one rainy day of work.
Richard, Carlo, and Randy make up the group of young boys he follows as they transport logs on their backs, attempting to balance their heavy responsibilities with their need for play. There is one child among them, however, who is all business, working faster than all the rest.
Cherilyn, at 14, acts as both father and mother to her five younger siblings. She is the family's sole breadwinner. as her father was imprisoned for murder and her mother suffers from a mental illness. She carries her burden without complaint, no matter how heavy the logs get.
Sine Totoo host Howie Severino discusses the production of the documentary with Jay Taruc's executive producer Lea Llamoso and long-time cameraman Jayson Cruz. They share how they endured not only the physical difficulties of the shoot, but also the pain of seeing these children suffer. And within 3 hours they get there and he ask Jay Taruc to the children "WHAT IS THE HARDEST THING YOU DO ?" then he answer "TO WALK WITHIN THE MUD :( The setting was in a very rural area in some province in our country, and was a mountainous place. It was muddy, rich with wood trees and grasses, and steep. The children who slog their way to living had to carry some eight-feet-long, 2" by 2" or 2" by 4"-thick-and-wide pieces of wood on their shoulders from the higher part of the mountain, down, through a steep muddy path. During the video, it was rainy. The weight the kids had to carry ranges from fifteen to twenty kilograms, so there's no way for me to avoid empathizing with them for they do not deserve to experience that tough labor on their young ages and very innocent and small bodies. It was as if they were literally and figuratively carrying their own crosses. Some of them got slipped because of the slippery, muddy route they had to pass and because of the heavy weight they were bearing with their petite bodies. Everything was quintessential of what really might happen to poverty-stricken places not just in our country but even the world. Often, families of children like them are financially paralyzed mainly because of the meager supply of ideal jobs on their home place. It's awkward for me to say this but it's true that in some cases, the parents are irresponsible, so the children have nothing to do but play the parents' role themselves, to keep their family together and earn something to provide for their daily needs and their siblings'.
The rest of the kids who were with Carlo,Randy recieve 12 pesos but if the wood became dirty or it has dirt it will not accepted. :(





post by: janine daluz :)

BATANG MANSISIBAK by: Cesar Apolinario

Few young children also do business and do not a few going to school because for very hard life and their parents also do business for hard to find a job because other people we didn't graduate or did not finish studying for very hard life and we will not learn nothing but trade for very hard life. First of all this story it can relate to other people because for very hard life the one of the person in the "BATANG MANSISIBAK" is Arnold the 10 years old the one who has "ASTHMA" he is a scavenger for almost 6 years, at the age of 3 years old he started to be a scavenger.Arnold has a heart disease because his heart gets bigger and bigger because of "CHRONIC EXPOSURE" from toxics which called "RHEUMATIC ARTHESIS". And her son Buboy 9 years old he was one of those do business and he earns 12 pesos each day as a scavenger and he has a "DIABETES ". From the 12 pesos they earned from scavenging, they spend 3 pesos for junk foods and they give 9 pesos to their mother.
So almost teens we need to study because this is what is better for them.







post by : janine daluz :P

THE RESULTS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT :

there was not enough money to continue the publication of LA SOLIDARIDAD the reformist were disunited due to disputes of leadership and the powers of the friars did not diminish.

-janine♥

THE TEACHING OF THE KATIPUNAN:

:The Katipunan needed to speed their words and teaching throughout their country, but the means to do this was almost impossible. However, Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo were two new members who had just previously won some sort of lottery. They decided to buy a printing press for the Katipunan. With this press, the Katipunan founded a newspaper called KALAYAAN and distributed it to all of the Philippines. This newspaper preached their cause and informed many people what they could do to help. This newspaper helped the Katipunan’s ranks grow considerably. Before the newspaper was printed in 1896, the Katipunan had only 300 members, but after the KALAYAAN'S printing, the Katipunan’s members grew to over 30,000. Spanish officials found the press, but members of the brotherhoood destroyed it before the Spanish could sieze it.

-janine♥

ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT :

* GALLEON TRADE - started when the Spaniards came to the Philippines, there was already a trading between our ancestors with China, Japan, Siam, India, Cambodia, Borneo and the Moluccas . the Spanish government continued trade relations with these countries, and Manila became the centers of commerce in the East. The galleon trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleon trade were used : one sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea : the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending in 90 days at sea and the another called is GALLEON TRADE is MANILA ACAPULCO .

* THE ROYAL SUBSIDY - Spanish colonial government found itself short of funds to support the expenses of the government. From then on, every year through the Mexican Viceroy, because Spain colonized us from Mexico until the early 19th century, the King sent financial aid to Manila. Real situado, the average amount of royal subsidy was sent by the Mexican Viceroy to the Philippines amounted 250,000 pesos. After the Mexican revolution, when Mexico won its freedom from Spain it ended.

* FORCED LABOR- forced labor came from the term polo and the person who performed forced labor was called a polista. Males from Filipinos and Chinese age 16 to 60 years old were required to render forced labor from the government for a period of 40 days each year. The polistas served as soldiers or sailors in Spanish military expeditions. They build roads, bridges, churches and cutting timber in forests, which they later used in building galleon ships. The members from the principilia, these are certain Filipinos who were excempted from forced labor. in exchange for their excemption, they have to pay a sum of money amounting to one and a half reales called falla. Forced labor has a negative impact on the Filipinos. through agricultural production.

* obras pias - this is the first financial groups in Manila were the obras pias . And the funds donated by rich individual society and they loaned money to businessmen who wanted to engage in the galleon trafe and charged interest ranging from 20% to 50%. and we have the oldest bank in the Philippines is the BPI or BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES ISLANDS , it started on August 1, 1851. Francisco Rodriguez is the first filipino was founded in Manila .

* TRIBUTES- a tribute is wealth one party gives to another as as sign of respects or, as was often the case in historical contexts ,of submission or allegiance .In 1570 ,each family paid (8) reales which was equivalent to one peso , in a single person pade only one-half or (1/2) peso.and the tribute was replaces the poll tax or cedula .all filipinos aged 18 tears old and above were required to pay this tax.

* TOBACCO MONOPOLY - the tobacco monopoly was established by GOVERNOR GENERAL JOSE BASCO on march1 ,1782 to increased government revenue the system was finally obtaines by the GOVERNOR GENERAL PRIMO DE REVERA in 1882 . and the manual subsidy recieved from mexico .

* THE ENCOMIENDA -the encomienda they were called in spanish word is encomendar which means "to entrust " and the encomiendas we have two kinds of encomienda : private and the royal . the private encomienda is belonged to : THE KING OFFICIAL AND THE SPANIARDS . this a privilage to given to the people and to control a certain territory . the encomienda system was eventually abolished at the turn of the 19th century due to compaints of abuses from the people .

- by janine !! :)

THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT :

Since Spain was far from the country , the Spanish King ruled the Island through the viceroy of Mexico,which was then another Spanish colony ,the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a governor general .It is implemented the decrees and legal codes Spain promulgated although many of its provisions could not apply to condition in the colonies. It also exercised legislative and judicial power.

The Philippine Islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.Over the next several decades,other Spanish expeditions were send off to the islands. In 1543, Ruy Lopez De Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas ( after the Philip II of Spain ) to the Islands of Samar and Leyte. The name would later be given to the entire archipelago.